🧬 Glossary

记录汉语的书写符号，学习时要同时注意字形、读音和意义。

Chinese character · A written Chinese character; learners should connect form, sound, and meaning.

用拉丁字母标注汉语读音的系统，帮助学习者准确读出汉字。

pinyin · The Romanization system for Chinese pronunciation.

汉语音节开头的辅音部分，如 b、p、m、f，用来区分发音起点。

initial consonant · The initial consonant part of a Chinese syllable.

汉语音节中声母后面的元音或元音组合，如 a、ai、ang。

final vowel · The final vowel or vowel cluster of a Chinese syllable.

汉语音节高低升降的变化，普通话主要有四个声调和轻声。

tone · Tone contour in Mandarin pronunciation.

有比较具体词汇意义、能充当句子成分的词，如名词、动词、形容词。

content word · A content word with concrete lexical meaning.

主要表示语法关系或语气的词，如“的、了、把、被、因为”。

function word · A function word that marks grammar or mood.

句子中陈述对象所在的位置，通常说明“谁”或“什么”。

subject · The subject of a sentence.

说明主语动作、状态或性质的句子核心成分。

predicate · The predicate describing the subject.

动作涉及的对象，常回答“做什么”或“对谁做”。

object · The object affected by an action.

修饰名词性成分的词语，常说明性质、数量、所属等。

attribute · An attributive modifier before a noun.

修饰动词或形容词的成分，常表示时间、地点、方式、程度。

adverbial · An adverbial modifier of a verb or adjective.

放在动词或形容词后，对结果、程度、趋向等作补充说明。

complement · A complement following a verb or adjective.

意义相近但适用范围、语体或搭配可能不同的词。

near synonym · Near-synonyms with different usage ranges or collocations.

意义相反或相对的词，用于表达对比关系。

antonym · Words with opposite or contrasting meanings.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的比较相近概念或词语的差别，重点看意义、搭配和语境。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word meaning differentiation · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving differentiation of similar concepts or terms, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的围绕某一知识点进行反复练习，以提高识别和运用能力。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word meaning training · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving focused training to improve recognition and use, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的依据条件、证据或语境作出合理结论。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word meaning judgment · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving judgment based on conditions, evidence, or context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的把概念或方法放到具体题目、材料或场景中使用。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word meaning application · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving application of a concept or method in context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的指导理解或操作的稳定要求和标准。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word meaning rule · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving rules or standards guiding understanding or action, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的比较相近概念或词语的差别，重点看意义、搭配和语境。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word order differentiation · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving differentiation of similar concepts or terms, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的围绕某一知识点进行反复练习，以提高识别和运用能力。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word order training · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving focused training to improve recognition and use, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的依据条件、证据或语境作出合理结论。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word order judgment · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving judgment based on conditions, evidence, or context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的把概念或方法放到具体题目、材料或场景中使用。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word order application · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving application of a concept or method in context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的指导理解或操作的稳定要求和标准。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

word order rule · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving rules or standards guiding understanding or action, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的比较相近概念或词语的差别，重点看意义、搭配和语境。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

collocation differentiation · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving differentiation of similar concepts or terms, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的围绕某一知识点进行反复练习，以提高识别和运用能力。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

collocation training · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving focused training to improve recognition and use, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的依据条件、证据或语境作出合理结论。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

collocation judgment · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving judgment based on conditions, evidence, or context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的把概念或方法放到具体题目、材料或场景中使用。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

collocation application · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving application of a concept or method in context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的指导理解或操作的稳定要求和标准。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

collocation rule · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving rules or standards guiding understanding or action, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的比较相近概念或词语的差别，重点看意义、搭配和语境。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

connector differentiation · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving differentiation of similar concepts or terms, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的围绕某一知识点进行反复练习，以提高识别和运用能力。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

connector training · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving focused training to improve recognition and use, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的依据条件、证据或语境作出合理结论。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

connector judgment · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving judgment based on conditions, evidence, or context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的把概念或方法放到具体题目、材料或场景中使用。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

connector application · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving application of a concept or method in context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的指导理解或操作的稳定要求和标准。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

connector rule · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving rules or standards guiding understanding or action, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的比较相近概念或词语的差别，重点看意义、搭配和语境。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

sentence pattern differentiation · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving differentiation of similar concepts or terms, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的围绕某一知识点进行反复练习，以提高识别和运用能力。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

sentence pattern training · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving focused training to improve recognition and use, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的依据条件、证据或语境作出合理结论。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

sentence pattern judgment · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving judgment based on conditions, evidence, or context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的把概念或方法放到具体题目、材料或场景中使用。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

sentence pattern application · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving application of a concept or method in context, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

指中文语法与词汇学习中需要进行的指导理解或操作的稳定要求和标准。它通常用于题干、材料分析或课堂讨论。

sentence pattern rule · A Chinese grammar and vocabulary term involving rules or standards guiding understanding or action, often used in prompts, text analysis, or classroom discussion.

由同一种原子组成的基本物质类别。

element · A chemical element made of one kind of atom.

保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。

atom · The smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties.

由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。

molecule · A particle formed by bonded atoms.

带正电或负电的原子或原子团。

ion · An atom or group with electric charge.

一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。

solution · A homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent.

表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。

concentration · A measure of solute amount in a solution.

物质发生变化并生成新物质的过程。

reaction · A chemical process producing new substances.

物质失去电子或与氧结合等变化过程。

oxidation · Oxidation, often loss of electrons or combination with oxygen.

物质得到电子或失去氧等变化过程。

reduction · Reduction, often gain of electrons or loss of oxygen.

能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。

catalyst · A substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall.

酸和碱两类物质及其反应关系。

acid and base · Acids, bases, and their reaction relationships.

溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。

precipitate · An insoluble solid formed from a solution.

由两种或两种以上元素按固定比例组成的纯净物。

compound · A pure substance composed of two or more elements.

内部粒子按规则结构排列的固体。

crystal · A solid with regularly arranged particles.

指围绕“原子”（保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

atom structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to the smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“原子”（保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

atom change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to the smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“原子”（保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

atom reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to the smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“原子”（保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

atom condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to the smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“原子”（保持元素化学性质的最小微粒。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

atom phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to the smallest unit retaining an element’s chemical properties; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“分子”（由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

molecule structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to a particle formed by bonded atoms; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“分子”（由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

molecule change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to a particle formed by bonded atoms; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“分子”（由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

molecule reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to a particle formed by bonded atoms; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“分子”（由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

molecule condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to a particle formed by bonded atoms; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“分子”（由原子结合形成、能独立存在的微粒。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

molecule phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to a particle formed by bonded atoms; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“离子”（带正电或负电的原子或原子团。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

ion structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to an atom or group with electric charge; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“离子”（带正电或负电的原子或原子团。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

ion change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to an atom or group with electric charge; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“离子”（带正电或负电的原子或原子团。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

ion reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to an atom or group with electric charge; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“离子”（带正电或负电的原子或原子团。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

ion condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to an atom or group with electric charge; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“离子”（带正电或负电的原子或原子团。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

ion phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to an atom or group with electric charge; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“溶液”（一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

solution structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to a homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“溶液”（一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

solution change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to a homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“溶液”（一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

solution reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to a homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“溶液”（一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

solution condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to a homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“溶液”（一种或多种物质均匀分散在另一种物质中形成的混合物。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

solution phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to a homogeneous mixture with solute dissolved in solvent; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“浓度”（表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

concentration structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to a measure of solute amount in a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“浓度”（表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

concentration change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to a measure of solute amount in a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“浓度”（表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

concentration reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to a measure of solute amount in a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“浓度”（表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

concentration condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to a measure of solute amount in a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“浓度”（表示溶液中溶质含量多少的量。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

concentration phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to a measure of solute amount in a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“沉淀”（溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

precipitate structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to an insoluble solid formed from a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“沉淀”（溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

precipitate change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to an insoluble solid formed from a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“沉淀”（溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

precipitate reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to an insoluble solid formed from a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“沉淀”（溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

precipitate condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to an insoluble solid formed from a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“沉淀”（溶液中生成并析出的难溶固体。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

precipitate phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to an insoluble solid formed from a solution; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“催化剂”（能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。）进行的各部分之间的组成方式和相互关系。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

catalyst structure · Refers to structure and arrangement of parts related to a substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“催化剂”（能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。）进行的状态、数量或性质发生改变。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

catalyst change · Refers to change in state, quantity, or property related to a substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“催化剂”（能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。）进行的在特定条件下发生的变化或回应。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

catalyst reaction · Refers to a reaction or response under conditions related to a substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“催化剂”（能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。）进行的某事成立或发生所依赖的前提。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

catalyst condition · Refers to a condition required for something to hold or occur related to a substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

指围绕“催化剂”（能改变化学反应速率而自身总体不被消耗的物质。）进行的可以观察到的表现或变化。在化学材料中，重点是把核心概念放回句子和段落中理解。

catalyst phenomenon · Refers to an observable phenomenon related to a substance that changes reaction rate without being consumed overall; in chemistry reading, it should be understood through context and academic use.

为检验假设或观察现象而设计的操作过程。

experiment · A procedure designed to test a hypothesis or observe phenomena.

有目的地看、听或记录事物特征和变化。

observe · Purposeful observation of features or changes.

用工具和标准确定数量大小的过程。

measure · Determining a quantity using instruments and standards.

把观察、测量或思考结果写下来保存。

record · Recording observations, measurements, or ideas.

从总体中选取用于研究的一部分对象。

sample · A sample selected from a population.

实验中不接受主要处理、用于比较的组。

control group · A control group used for comparison.

完成任务或实验时按顺序进行的环节。

step · Ordered steps in a task or experiment.

可以观察到的情况、变化或表现。

phenomenon · An observable phenomenon or change.

根据证据和分析得到的判断。

conclusion · A conclusion drawn from evidence and analysis.

测量值、计算值与真实值之间的差异。

error · The difference between measured or calculated value and true value.

在实验中保持某些条件稳定，以便考察目标因素。

variable control · Controlling variables in an experiment.